How Much Does It Cost to Develop an App: Cost Breakdown

Understanding the app development budget allows businesses to allocate resources efficiently and avoid unexpected financial strains. The development process involves multiple stages, each with its costs, and being aware of these can help companies plan and manage their expenses effectively.

Average App Development Cost

With an average coder hourly rate of forty dollars, the cost of making an app may vary according to difficulty going to: simple, medium and complex. Rushing developments in communications and information technology drive the optimization of current and creation of new computer applications, as well as mobile apps.

The emergence of such mobile apps requires a balanced approach and attention to all unbiased factors. They affect the total price.

Your expenses would be contingent on the engineer’s proficiency, functionality, final appearance, subsequent maintenance and other specifications of mobile app development process.

Average Pricing Policy

When speaking of the difficulty and deadlines, the cost to build an app runs from 40K to 150K. See Table 1 for the approximate pricing and deadlines.

Table 1

Only the development team may provide an accurate assessment of how much does it cost. But before, resort to a specialized calculator. It will allow you to determine, though inaccurate, yet quite an adequate price.

Calculators for app development costs and other products feature the following functionalities:

• Difficulty
• Quantity of screens used
• Individual features
• Quality control steps
• Interface capabilities
• Difficulty and quantity of features within the tool or other software
• Database specifics
• Number and specifics of third-party module connections
• Different standards to ensure information security
• Set of executors and their skills

Ensuring a realistic assessment of mobile app development involves that the workgroup possesses appropriate deliverables and clearly defined specifications. You have no other opportunities than hiring the contractor to accurately evaluate mobile app development cost. Glorium Technologies uses a scoring evaluation technique to address the issues of how much does it cost.

Classification by complexity

Below you may see the main aspects of simple, basic, and complex applications and how much does it cost.

Simple

Modifications may include a minimal set of options for the stable work and 3-4 screens. They do not allow for working with databases. Here, we refer to:

• Authorization
• Ability to set and edit accounts
• Subscription
• Inquiry
• Notices
• Admin’s space
• Messaging

These tools feature limited capabilities and perform easy actions: time tracking, communication in social networks, and collection of statistical data.

Basic

These modifications are characterized by the following versatile functions:

• Ability to integrate into social networks
• Integration of payment systems
• Purchase through the application
• Object location tracking
• Geolocation

This level already has an increased level of information security, reliable infrastructure, and simplified access to necessary resources. The main difference between such a solution and its simpler counterparts is the ability to retrieve information from multiple databases, synchronize it, and store it.

For instance, they are used to sending photos, calling a cab, and delivering food and beverages to homes. Additional functions and more complex architecture may inflate a project’s budget.

Large-scale tools

Owing to a high rate, such applications are mostly used by large corporations. Custom principles are most often used in this process. It does not provide the possibility of integration or uses custom integrations with existing systems.

Large-scale projects fall into the category of special apps and are not widely demanded by ordinary users. That is why they are quite pricey to master. Often you may exceed the planned budget.

The overall pricing is greatly influenced by:

• Synchronization with more than two devices
• Availability of in-house features
• Online broadcasting
• Face-to-face calls
• Messaging
• Video chats and other advanced options

Such solutions require hard and painstaking work. The broad list of requirements, technical specifications, and complexity of functions greatly complicate the estimating. It often happens that the estimate changes repeatedly as the project progresses.

Dashboards, visualization, complex platforms, a large number of servers, and databases are among these factors that require additional infrastructure elements. This leads to the complex add-ons and writing separate codes for each specific function.

One can assess the final bill only in the course of project execution as new requirements may arise and stages that have been completed may be adjusted. An example of a large-scale solution is trading platforms, corporate, gaming, and CRM programs. Prior to initiating the challenge for app development cost, it is wise to consult statistics.

Financing stats

The steady rise in custom solutions shows their growing popularity. More than 7 mln different applications can be found in online stores and are free to download.

Here are the statistics which will show that app development is so high in demand:

• Global consumer spending: Consumer spending on Android and iOS apps increased to $135 billion in 2023. According to Statista iOS accounted for 66% of app consumer spending, and games accounted for 60% of consumer app spending. Google Play contributed 41% of the total amount. Subscription revenues reached $45.6 billion in 2023, with iOS responsible for 76% of that revenue​​.
• Total market revenue and growth: The total market revenue for app development was projected to reach US$420.80 billion in 2022, with an anticipated compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.83%, leading to a market volume of US$673.80 billion by 2027​​.
• Revenue projections: Reports show that Google Play apps and games generated $42.3 billion in 2022, and consumer spending will increase significantly​​ (Apple Store) in 2025.
• Industry revenue: The mobile app industry generated revenue of $201 billion in 2023, experiencing a CAGR of 19.5%. By 2025, as statistics show, consumer app spending may exceed $270 billion​​.

Let’s consider the process of how much does it cost.

Fees per profile

App specifics and app development are inseparably linked to its price. See Table 2 below to find the key types, approximate pricing, and duration.

Table 2

Fees per location

Before choosing a contractor, you’d better check the wages of IT engineers in certain locations. See Table 3 to see how much does it cost in various places.

These services are among those costly ones in North America, England, and Australia. However, this does not mean that developers from other countries cannot create competitive solutions.

Apart from the location of the workgroup, these parameters have a significant impact on hourly wage:

• Programming language, together with the technology, communication, etc.
• Technical specifics and experts who are involved directly (programming, testing, scrum support, business analytics, and general management)
• Engineers’ expertise within the workgroup

The full information will bring you a final concept of the mobile app pricing.

Pricing cases

Here you may find some popular applications, how much does it cost, and implementation timeframes for a complete grasp of the pricing process.

Tinder

It is a vivid model of a socializing platform. It emerged ten years ago. The net profit exceeded $485,000. A simple and intuitive design is not marked by exquisite graphics and original sound accompaniment. Its main advantage is simplicity. Mobile app development cost starts at $70,000. Engineering and testing take approximately 1,000 hours.

When evaluating such a platform, consider the following features:

• Profile authentication
• GPS setup and positioning
• User profile
• Additional features
• Pop-up notifications
• Communications
• External add-ons

Ikea

Here, we deal with augmented reality. It allows you to display in the catalog not the conventional photos but 3d models. Different add-ons and enhanced security drive up its value but significantly expand the functionality:

• 3D visualization
• All-round view
• Intuitive control panel
• CRM integration
• Data exchange in social networks

App development budget starts at $45,000. The entire lead time is about 1,000 hours.

Uber

It was devised specifically for the cab service. It includes two mobile versions – for both motorists and travelers, and a special web modification for the dispatcher service. With these features in mind, the budget comprises three components. In some cases, the customer may expect a discount, but this relies entirely on the developer’s policy.

Like Uber offers features:

• Billing
• Location
• Routing and its planning (traffic jams, traffic accidents, etc.)
• Integration of messages
• Additional functions

It starts at 50K. It might require 1,000 to 1,200 workhours to complete an order.

TikTok

Its main purpose is to transmit video images to various social networks. This product’s price depends on its parameters and the set of additional functions. The budget starts at $70,000. Development and testing may require 1,200 – 1,400 hours.

• Required parameters
• Real-time chatting
• Face-to-face calls
• Transmission of standard media
• Adding contacts
• Additional functions

Airbnb

This refers to the category of marketplaces. Such services are used for e-commerce activities. It is advisable to use special applications to streamline marketplaces. Software such as Airbnb significantly reduces the expense and timeframe required to select the appropriate accommodation.

The lowest budget is $75,000. The average lead time shall be determined by the set of add-ons and require from 1,000 to 1,200 hours.

The most commonly used additional functions are:

• Searching for affordable accommodation
• Selecting hotel rooms
• Creating a list of locations with the appropriate notes
• Own chat and some other add-ons

These examples suggest the sum to foresee at the beginning. Let’s consider a few aspects that have a direct impact on the pricing. This is interesting: read an article about real estate mobile app development.

Five Key Aspects

Before calculating how much does it cost, define the target population, set clear business goals, basic principles, and select the optimal base for coding. Screens, icons, and other interface elements bring a distinctive and stylish look.

However, these elements rise your sum and timing. Therefore, before searching for somebody, build a beta version and list all that you wish. Executor shall assess the overall work with 5 criteria in mind.

Difficulty

The less functionality and easier the overall appearance, the less money will have to be wasted. You can determine the timing only after the overall task and requirements for the contractor are clearly defined.

Difficulty of development process shall determine several indicators:

• Number and specifics of features
• Quantity of screens
• Graphics
• Integration parameters
• Base you choose

See Table 4 for the key characteristics of the difficulty category.

Table 4

Standard workgroup shall feature the following specialists:

• PM
• UI/UX specialist
• Software engineers
• Backend specialist
• QA specialist

Such a team may require 2-4 months to complete a simple project, 6-10 for a medium complexity, and from 8 months to one year for a complex project.

Development time

One of the most crucial factors influencing app development costs is the time the mobile app development process takes. The time can vary significantly based on several factors, including the app’s complexity, the features required, the platform it is being designed for (iOS, Android, or both), and the level of customization needed.

A simple app with basic features might take a minimum of 3 – 6 months for app development, while a more complex mobile app with advanced features and custom designs could take 6 to 12 months or even longer. It’s essential to understand that the longer the development time, the higher the mobile app development cost will be.

This increase in cost is due to several factors. Firstly, the longer development time means more hours the development team needs to work, directly translating into higher labor costs. Additionally, longer projects often involve more detailed planning, more extensive testing, and potentially more rounds of revisions, all of which add to the overall cost.

Another aspect to consider is that if your mobile app development process involves building the app for iOS and Android platforms, this can also extend the development time, thereby increasing costs. Cross-platform development tools can reduce development time in such cases, but they might only sometimes be suitable for apps requiring high performance or extensive customization.

It’s also worth noting that the development time includes more than just the actual coding and designing of the app. It consists of the entire process from initial planning, design, development, testing, deployment, and app maintenance. Each stage has its time frame and contributes to the overall development time.

In summary, the time taken for mobile app development is a significant factor in the overall mobile app development cost. A shorter development timeline might imply fewer features or less customization, while a longer timeline allows for more complexity and customization but at a higher cost. It’s a balance that needs to be carefully considered based on your specific app requirements and budget.

Architecture and design

This phase consists of several major steps. Each of them has a significant impact on how much does it cost.

Market monitoring and target audience research

The workgroup shall conduct a detailed study of a particular market segment. It may collect information about potential consumers, their needs, preferences, and interests.

They produce a psychological portrait of the user based on the data obtained. This allows you to anticipate the user’s reaction to certain features of the product and think through the UX concept in detail.

Choice of information structure

They determine the number of screens and how they interact with each other. The right choice of information structure will increase the accessibility of your platform and make it comfortable to use.

Information architecture tools are used to classify the data that is required for stable operation. In addition, this classification greatly simplifies your navigation. Before you start prototyping, you need to elaborate on block diagrams and mind maps.

User interface and visual effects

There are many design variations you may choose from. The key driver is the user interface. Its individuality, simplicity, and functionality largely determine the app’s popularity.
These parameters, as well as the presence and quality of visual effects, affect the final bill. The choice of design solutions to be implemented depends on the purpose and category of the software to be developed. By purpose, they fall into the following categories:

• Tutorials
• Commercial
• Informative

By far the most popular categories are:

• Basic
• Social media
• Authentication
• Trading platforms
• E-commerce

Branding

Every major corporation pays close attention to its brand books. Their logos and names stand out sharply from lesser-known companies. This is because they invest heavily in branding. The main advantage of this strategy would be that there is no need to worry about promoting their brand name at the development stage.

Branding is one of the components of a successful product. However, it boosts your expenses. Therefore, in the first stage, you can take advantage of existing elements. As the business evolves, invest more in branding, which includes:

• Marketing research
• Advertising policy
• Brand book drafting

UX-Writing

When calculating your funds, be sure to add expenses for copywriting. Professional literate text will greatly promote the product and increase its popularity among customers. Here we speak about texts for landing pages, email texts, descriptions of goods or services, and newsletters.

The choice of a copywriter is not limited to a single location. You can choose a specialist from any country. The important thing here is not the location of the specialist but his professional skills. Only a perfect combination of design and text content will bring you success.

Creating a prototype

Once the information structure is finally selected, you can move on to the prototype. The finished one is shown to the customer for final approval. It is used to run preliminary testing on the target audience. It can also be demonstrated to raise additional capital.

Initially, the workgroup shall create a primary wireframe, which is a rough draft of the screens. It is used as an example for the customer to learn how the tool works and to make adjustments as they see fit. The creation of the final wireframe will require a detailed elaboration and explanation of each element. At this stage, the final product is a clickable prototype, which is subject to further testing.

Testing the prototype

Testing is aimed at identifying all the weaknesses and shortcomings. The data obtained allows you to make timely adjustments and optimize individual elements. All detected defects shall be eliminated to stabilize the application.

There are several options for testing. In the quantitative method, operability testing is done by real users. Qualitative testing is performed by a group of qualified coders. The most effective is combined testing.

Project support and feedback collection

You may keep improving your app even after a successful release. There is always some room for improvement. To maintain a leading position, most developers are constantly modifying their products. They provide updates based on user feedback.

Selecting the platform

Yet another expense item. At this stage, you need to choose one of two types: hybrid (cross-platform) or native. The timeline will depend on the choice.

Designing hybrid modifications

Such solutions can run on both the iOS and Android platforms. Before you make your final choice, pay special attention to the following crucial points:

• Market share
• Device fragmentation
• Predominance

These parameters define the specifics of the market to which a product is initially oriented. Following thorough research, you can determine which segments are more popular with the Android platform, and which are more popular with the iOS platform. Based on the data obtained, the workgroup may select the optimum platform.

Each platform requires a different approach, but a hybrid app will cost less than two independent products. Standalone native solutions will be much more expensive.

Designing native modifications

The key distinction between native and hybrid variants is that they are designed specifically for a particular platform. Dual platform tools will require two independent workgroups. This may significantly raise the bill. As a rule, two native programs are twice as expensive as a hybrid one.

Dealing with each of the two platforms may be charged just about equally, although there are some discrepancies in the technologies used, SDKs, database structures, and frameworks. The timely implementation of two independent projects is challenging work and a large financial outlay.

Hidden charges

Hidden charges are yet another major thing to consider when setting a budget. The final bill includes several items that allow you to create an effective application and optimize the workflow:

• Functional charges for third-party integrations (push notifications, SMS messages, locations, payment gateways, etc.);
• Administrative charges (payroll of content managers, workgroup manager, and other staff);
• Infrastructure charges (server, CDN, and integration fees);
• Maintenance charges include updating and modifying the program, fixing bugs, adding extra features, etc.

It would look like this. If the overall bill is about 75K, the extra charge will be:

• 5K to 20K dollars a year, according to the number of integrations and workload.
• Administrative and infrastructure charges run from 50 to 100% of the annual rate. That is 35-75K dollars per year.
• 20% of the annual charge will be required to support and maintain the product. That’s up to 15K more.

Selecting a team of executors

The right team of executors is of paramount importance. The final project budget will depend on the rate of employees’ services and their qualifications. If you employ professionals, you may cut your outlay and get a top-quality product.

Three basic criteria are set out when selecting a particular workgroup:

• Full concentration on the current product
• Systematic marketing research of the target market segment
• Creation of a full-fledged tool, not just the design

Choose to work with a team that agrees to follow these three rules. Does your company have limited funds, but needs a unique solution? You can follow one of the four ways to build your product.

Working with a regional agency

This is the most common way to design your app. See Table 5 for a list of charges, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of collaborating with a local team.

Table 5

Creating your team

Keeping your in-house team on payroll is feasible for minor companies. The full-time IT department may be responsible for smaller applications, as well as ensuring the operability and optimization of the company’s digital systems. See Table 6 for the advantages and disadvantages of employing an in-house team.

Table 6

Engaging freelancers

Partnering with freelancers is worthwhile when implementing non-complex projects, testing existing platforms, and other simple tasks. When choosing this option, you should bear in mind that you will have to spend a lot of time communicating with the contractors, defining tasks, and making adjustments to their work. See Table 7 for the benefits and drawbacks of this technique.

Table 7

Here, the key to success lies in a mutual understanding between the client and the contractor, as well as the appropriate payment for the work done.

App outsourcing

Large-scale tasks that require lots of highly skilled executors are best carried out by outsourced agencies. This is the optimal strategy in such an industry. It is equally effective for well-known corporations as for start-up companies.

Such contractors may provide a full line of expertise: monitoring the target market segment, software engineering, its testing, and subsequent support. See Table 8 for the benefits and downsides of this option.

Table 8

Outsourcing engineering allows the customer not only to save money but also to free up time for the core business activities.

Before choosing a particular agency, it is worth checking reviews and case studies, reviewing the list of developed products, and making sure that all members of the dedicated workgroup are highly qualified.

Tips for Choosing a Contractor

Although there are many offers for the software industry, it is possible to get confused and choose the wrong strategy for selecting a contractor. To avoid making a mistake in choosing the right person for your job, stick to the recommendations given below.

Set out clear technical requirements

Before contacting the performer, determine the necessary features of the solution, the deadlines, the platform to launch, and the maximum budget.

Learn the basic principles and workflow sequence. Get informed about the main technologies and tools. This will help you get a clear idea of what kind of solution needs to be developed. Study feedback from previous clients and a list of the applicant’s completed designs in your area of interest.

Prioritize companies with a full-fledged portfolio

Have you chosen a company that has already gained recognition in the digital market and provides all kinds of services? You can be sure that you will cooperate with qualified specialists.

Such agencies will provide the necessary resources at all stages from design and development to testing and maintenance. This approach eliminates the need to seek additional help or external services, which significantly shortens the project’s timeline.

Don’t neglect face-to-face interactions

Once the choice is made, try to find time for in-person meetings with the workgroup. This way you can avoid misunderstanding important points, express your wishes, and listen to the professionals.

While communicating, the executor will grasp the basic concept of the app. Therefore, he or she may develop a product that will meet the technical requirements and your wishes.

Read the privacy policy

A critical aspect of computer-based tools is maintaining confidentiality at all stages. To be effective, the workgroup must have access to information about the company’s activities.

How to Cut Mobile App Development Cost

Before the work begins, sign an intellectual property rights agreement and a nondisclosure and confidentiality agreement with the contractor.

To effectively cut mobile app development cost without compromising on quality, there are several strategies you can employ. These tactics help reduce initial development expenses and contribute to lowering app maintenance costs in the long run.

Opt for cross-platform development

One of the most effective ways to reduce costs in a mobile app development project is to choose cross-platform development. This approach allows the development team to write a single codebase across multiple platforms (iOS and Android). By doing this, you save on the costs of developing separate apps for each platform. It also simplifies app maintenance in the future.

Select the right mobile app development company

Your choice of the right mobile app development company is about more than the cheapest variant. Opt for companies that offer a good balance between quality and cost. Some app development companies may offer lower rates but compromise on quality or efficiency. It’s important to conduct thorough research, read client testimonials, check portfolios, and read client testimonials before making a decision.

Streamline the app development process

A well-planned app development process can significantly reduce unnecessary costs. This approach includes having a clear project scope, prioritizing essential features, and avoiding feature creep. You can minimize development time and costs by focusing on the core functionalities that offer the most value to your users. Here, you can think about hiring a dedicated project manager.

Outsource to cost-effective locations

Consider outsourcing your mobile app development project to companies in locations where the cost of living and wages are lower. Countries in Eastern Europe have become popular outsourcing destinations due to their lower rates and high-quality development standards.

Effective communication with the development team

Maintaining open and clear communication with your development team is essential. Miscommunications can lead to errors and delays, increasing the app cost. That is why choose a dedicated team with similar cultural values. Regular updates and clear guidelines can help keep the project on track and within budget.

Plan for app maintenance early

App maintenance is an ongoing cost post-launch. Planning for app maintenance early in the development process can create a more sustainable and cost-effective strategy. This approach includes choosing technologies that are easier to maintain and making design choices that simplify future updates.

Pros of Outsourcing Companies

Outsourcing the app development of an app to a specialized company has become a popular strategy for businesses looking to launch digital products. This approach offers many advantages, especially when managing the app development cost, which is a critical factor for most businesses. We delve into the benefits of choosing an outsourcing company as your app development partner, focusing on the financial and strategic upsides.

Expertise and efficiency

The primary advantage of partnering with an app development company is the access to a pool of experienced professionals specializing in app creation, including user experience design, coding, and testing. This expertise ensures that complex apps, which require a sophisticated understanding of technology and user needs, are developed efficiently and to a high standard.

The cost associated with assembling such a diverse team in-house can be prohibitively expensive, not to mention the time and resources needed for recruitment and training. By outsourcing, businesses can sidestep these expenses, significantly reducing the overall app development cost.

Scalability and flexibility

Outsourcing app development offers unparalleled scalability and flexibility, particularly beneficial for projects with fluctuating demands. An app development company can quickly adjust the team size for working on your project based on the current needs, whether ramping up to meet tight deadlines or scaling down to reduce costs. This adaptability is a crucial factor in managing app development costs, as it allows businesses to pay only for the resources they use rather than bearing the fixed costs of a permanent in-house team.

App development cost breakdown

A clear understanding of the app development cost breakdown is essential for businesses planning to launch a new app. Outsourcing companies typically offer detailed quotations that outline all the anticipated costs, from initial design to final testing and deployment. This transparency helps businesses budget more effectively and ensures no hidden expenses. By comparing proposals from different vendors, companies can also ensure they get the best value for their investment, further optimizing the app development cost.

Focus on core business functions

By entrusting the development of their app to an external company, businesses can maintain their focus on core activities without being sidetracked by the complexities of app development. This division of labor enables companies to enhance operational efficiency and dedicate more resources to areas directly contributing to their competitive advantage.

Meanwhile, the app development company handles the technical work, ensuring the project progresses smoothly and efficiently. This partnership can lead to significant savings in terms of both time and app development costs, as it leverages the specialized skills of app developers to achieve the best possible outcome.

Risk mitigation

Outsourcing app development also helps in mitigating project risks. Professional app development companies have the experience and methodologies to foresee potential challenges and promptly implement strategies to address them.

This approach to risk management can save businesses significant money, which might otherwise be lost to project delays, budget overruns, or failure to meet regulatory requirements. When using the external team`s expertise, businesses ensure that the app is developed according to the highest standards, reducing the likelihood of costly mistakes and providing a better return on investment.

In conclusion, outsourcing app development to a specialized company offers numerous advantages that can significantly reduce the overall app development cost. The strategic benefits are considerable, from accessing a broad range of expertise and enjoying scalable resources to benefiting from a clear cost breakdown and focusing on core business functions.

Moreover, the risk mitigation strategies employed by experienced app development companies can save businesses from potential financial pitfalls, making outsourcing an attractive option for developing complex apps.

How to Avoid Hidden Costs

When you start creating a mobile app, understanding the full scope of app development costs is crucial. Often, businesses are caught off guard by hidden app development costs that can significantly impact the overall budget. Let’s explore some of these hidden costs and conclude why working with an outsourcing company like Glorium Technologies can be beneficial in avoiding such surprises.

1. Changes in project scope: During the app development process, there might be changes in the project scope, leading to additional costs. This approach often happens when the initial requirements are unclear or new features are added mid-way.
2. Maintenance and updates: Regular app maintenance is a cost that many overlook. After the launch, apps need continuous updates for new OS versions, bug fixes, and performance improvements.
3. Complex app features: Developing complex apps with advanced features like AI, machine learning, or intricate animations can significantly increase costs. These features often require specialized skills and more development time.
4. Third-party integrations and APIs: Integrating third-party services or APIs, social media platforms or payment gateways, can add to the cost. Some of these services have recurring fees or charges based on usage.
5. Server costs and backend development: If your app requires a server for data storage and backend logic, these costs can escalate, especially as your user base grows.
6. Legal fees: Ensuring your app complies with legal requirements, such as intellectual property rights and data protection laws, can incur legal consultancy fees.
7. Marketing and launch costs: Marketing your app is essential for its success but can be costly. Expenses include promotional material, advertising, and potentially hiring marketing experts.
8. Push notifications: Implementing push notifications might seem straightforward, but it can add to the cost, especially if you use third-party services to manage them.

Summary

In conclusion, while the app development cost breakdown might seem straightforward initially, several hidden costs can arise during the project. Working with an experienced outsourcing company like Glorium Technologies becomes advantageous in this approach. At Glorium Technologies, we pride ourselves on transparency and providing clear cost estimates from the start. We ensure that our clients are well-informed about potential expenses, eliminating the surprise of hidden costs.

Our flexible pricing models cater to a wide range of projects, from simple apps to more complex ones, allowing you to choose the most appropriate variant for your needs. By partnering with us, you can trust that your app development project will be handled professionally and transparently, keeping you informed and in control of your budget.

Call our managers today and take the first step towards a successful, transparent, and cost-effective app development experience with Glorium Technologies.

FAQ